What is Material Testing: A Definitive Guide

A critical role is played by raw materials for manufacturing components. Hence, testing materials before using them in your projects is very important.

The significance of material testing cannot be undermined, and if you want to learn what material testing is, how it works, and what its types are, the guide below is for you. So, let's read.

What is Material Testing?

Materials testing is the process that measures the material properties and their reactions when subjected to certain conditions. Material testing helps to determine the compatibility of materials with different applications.

Some companies have material testing facilities where skilled experts test them using different testing methods.

How Does a Material Testing Machine Work?

A material testing machine applies controlled force on the material sample so that its mechanical properties can be evaluated. These mechanical properties consist of elasticity, strength, and deformation.

The testing machine uses mechanical, hydraulic, and pneumatic systems for exerting compressive and tensile loads. The sensors are used for measuring applied forces, which are recorded, and the performance of the material is assessed.

Why is Material Testing Important in Manufacturing?

Product engineers carry out material testing in various industries. Gathering all the relevant information on the product while developing it helps to ensure the product’s quality. It helps to determine the material that is most suitable for a particular product in terms of compliance and quality.

The process of material testing also ensures that the material is safe to work with, as some materials are flammable and reactive and may pose a risk. Developers test the materials so that the material characteristics can be passed and the chosen material meets the requirements of an application.

13 Types of Material Testing

There are different types of material testing methods, and these are as follows:

Tensile Test

The tensile test is a method of testing materials that measures the strength of the material. It assesses the stress, strain, and yield deformation of the material and applies forces on the material. It uses materials like composites, metals, and polymers. It uses an electric tensile machine for testing or a hydraulic testing machine, which exposes materials to different forces.

Compression Test

Compression testing assesses the reaction of material when used under compressive loads. The mechanical testing purposes of suctioning the material to loads that lead to crushing. The compression stress is important for testing ductility and modulus of elasticity.

Fatigue Testing

The fatigue testing helps in determining the reaction of the material when subjected to a load. It involves the mean load, which identifies the fatigue resistance when it breaks.

Hardness Testing

Hardness testing is conducted on the final component to check how hard it is and at what pressure it breaks.

Impact Testing

The impact testing measures the force that is needed for the material to break. The two tests, Izod and Charpy, are conducted to identify the force that breaks the material. These two tests measure the energy needed to cause a fracture in the material.

Torsion Testing

The torsion testing measures the resistance of the twisting process, which offers an assessment of ductility and shear strength. The process involves twisting the material. The torsion test consists of identifying the properties of the material, like elasticity modulus, shear strength, and torsional strength.

High-Speed Tensile Testing

The process of high-speed tensile testing consists of rapid loading conditions that determine the tensile properties of raw material. High-speed tensile strength test is used for materials testing that are subject to high load impacts and excessive strains.

Tests for Sheet Metal Forming

Test for sheet metal forming is a test for the formability of the sheet metal and its ability to handle deformation without cracking. The cube drawing test and FLD are the tests that are used for this process. It helps in assessing the compatibility of the material with drawing, forming, and bending.

Elastomer Testing

Elastomer testing assesses the elastomer compound’s ability to work efficiently. It is used for assessing the performance of the materials as well as finished parts to ensure their functionality and quality.

Electrical Testing

Electrical tests assess the electrical characteristics of a material, which helps to assess the conductivity, dielectric strength, and resistivity of the material. The electrical conductance possessed by a material is tested.

Thermal Testing

Thermal tests assess the reaction of material to the change in temperature, which includes conductivity, thermal expansion, and degradation. It helps measure heat conduction.

Thermal testing even allows measuring the heat that can cause the rise of the temperature in the material to assess its heat dissipation. It even evaluates the limit to which the material contracts and expands when subjected to a change in temperature.

Chemical Tests

Chemical testing consists of testing the material sample for certain chemical exposures. These tests evaluate the resistance of these materials to certain chemicals. There are different types of chemical tests, and some of these are as follows:

• Acid corrosion tests evaluate the ability of the materials to resist acidic chemicals.
• The alkaline corrosion test evaluates the resistance of materials to alkaline environments.
• Organic solvent tests evaluate the reactivity of materials to organic solvents.

Destructive vs. Non-Destructive Testing

When a material is being tested, the two types of testing are destructive and non-destructive testing.

Destructive material testing consists of taking samples from the material and testing to make an assessment of it under certain conditions. These tests alter the surface of the material, and hence, it is not in a usable state anymore. It helps to analyze the characteristics of material in production and research.

Non-destructive material testing helps to test the ability of a material to hold the load till it reaches the breaking point. It doesn't destroy the material and just tests whether it can hold a specific load for a longer span of time.

Materials Testing and Standard Methods

There are different methods for testing materials, and these are as follows:

Dynamic Testing

Dynamic testing of the load impacts the load capacity; the sample is subjected to a load, and a destructive test is conducted. There are different types of dynamic tests, consisting of high-speed testers, drop weight testers, and pendulum impact tests.

Static Material Testing

Static material testing is contact testing that consists of determining the strength and deformation behavior. The component is subjected to compression, tension, and torsion.

Cyclic Material Testing

The recurring load cycles in cyclic material testing consist of loading the sample of material, where the cyclic load is applied to the sample material.

Standard Methods

ISO, AMSE, BS, and EN standards are the standards that are used for testing materials when using them in the design and manufacturing of the part.

What Can I Get Tested for Material?

There are various things that can be tested for material, and these are the following:

• The mechanical properties of hardness, tensile strength, compression strength, and flexural strength of a material are tested.
• Physical properties like thermal conductivity, melting point, and density of a material are assessed.
• Material’s chemical properties, like corrosion resistance and analysis of composition.
• Electrical properties like dielectric strength, conductivity, and weathering resistance also require assessment.

How to Document Data During Material Testing?

The data from the material tests is documented in the form of reports, which are detailed. The reports include testing conditions, testing methods, submissions, and raw data. These detailed reports are very important for quality control, certification, and regulatory compliance.

Applications of Material Testing

There are various applications of material testing, and these are discussed below:

Automobile Industry

Automobile manufacturers use components made with tested materials so that the components of cars, interior parts, and body frames are made with care. These materials are assessed to ensure their fatigue resistance, durability, and crashworthiness.

Medical

Materials used in the prototyping of medical devices are also tested for their biocompatibility. The strength and durability of these materials are very important as they are used for surgical instruments, prosthetics, and implants.

Aerospace

The parts of aircraft are meant to handle heavy loads, and hence, they are subjected to high pressure and variations in temperature. These materials are tested for the components of aircraft, like wings, fuselages, and glass.

Construction

Materials used for construction projects, like asphalt, steel, and composites, require testing. The tests are conducted to check whether they can withstand the high stress and whether the material complies with the safety standards or not.

Electronics Industry

Electronic devices like mobile phones and laptops are tested for their durability, heat resistance, electrical conductivity, and moisture resistance.

Challenges in Material Testing

When it comes to choosing material and testing it for its relevance in certain applications, there are some challenges to deal with. Some of these challenges are as follows:

• The results of the material test may end up being inaccurate because they have a faulty or inconsistent sample. Hence, comparing the tests becomes difficult, and it requires adhering to sample preparation to standard protocols so that consistency is attained.
• Some environmental factors, like humidity, temperature, and air quality, may impact the outcomes of the tests. The materials, when tested at temperatures other than the ones that are a part of its standard, the property of material may be affected. Hence, favorable environmental conditions should be maintained while testing the material.
• The collection of data for the material tests required some costs and time. In some cases, time and budget may be a great concern, and hence, the testing methods are not appropriately conducted.
• Ensuring safety is a crucial component when conducting material testing without any compromise on the test accuracy. Some testing methods have risks involved when heavy loads, high temperatures, and corrosive surroundings are present.
• The equipment used for testing may have errors, like calibration errors, which provide inaccurate measurements.

DEK Offers One-Stop Inspection for Your Machining Projects

If you are looking to have new components manufactured and are worried about material testing, DEK can offer you inspection services. We ensure that we opt for versatile methods of testing material for your components that are accurate, so we can provide the appropriate results.

Conclusion

Everything explained in the guide above gives a detailed insight into material testing and what role it plays. So, by reading it, you must have got the idea of the different testing methods and important aspects.