Different Types of CNC Machines: Detailed Guide
CNC machines are programmable machines that are an important part of modern machining. They help different industries to manufacture precise and complex parts.
In this article, we will learn about the definition of CNC machines, their basic components, different types of CNC machines, and how to choose the most suitable machine. Let’s read on.
What is a CNC Machine?
A CNC (Computer Numerical Control) machine is a machine that uses a computer to control tools for cutting, shaping, and forming materials. CNC machines work with different materials, including metals, plastics, wood, and composites.
Instead of manually operating the machine, you input a design into a computer program. The machine then follows the instructions with high precision and accuracy for manufacturing complex, precision, small and large batch parts.
Basic Parts of a CNC Machine System
A CNC machine has several key parts that help it work. Here’s a simple breakdown:
- Disk drives, special data devices, keyboards, and computers for entering and retrieving information.
- Ethernet, HSSB (high-speed data port), LAN, RS 232C, and other network connections.
- Tool magazine drive shaft, worktable, loading/unloading robots.
- Feed servo drive and motor for precise movement.
- Spindle motor and drive for rotating the cutting tool or workpiece.
- CNC control unit for interpreting and executing commands.
- PMC controller handling automated tasks and machine logic.
- Feedback and position measurement system for accuracy.
- Power cabinet control unit for managing electrical signals and power supply.
12 Main Types of a CNC Machine
There are many different types of CNC machines and each is designed for different tasks. Here are the common types and what they do:
1.CNC Milling Machine
CNC milling machines use high-speed cutting tools to remove material from workpieces, usually processing flat and block-shaped parts to make them precisely shaped. There are many types of tools used, such as end mills, drills and taps.
The size of the object you can work on depends on the machine’s enclosure and how far the cutting tools can move. Multi-axis machining has unique advantages in the production of multi-dimensional, asymmetric, and complex-shaped workpieces. CNC milling is suitable for the processing of aluminum, steel, composite materials and other materials.
2. CNC Lathe Machine
A CNC lathe machine works by spinning the material while cutting tools shape it. It is great for making symmetrical parts.
Because of how it operates, CNC lathes are mainly used for cutting of inner and outer cylindrical surfaces of shaft parts or disc parts, inner and outer conical surfaces of arbitrary cone angles, complex rotating inner and outer curved surfaces, and cylindrical and conical threads, and can also perform grooving, drilling, knurling, reaming, and boring.
3. CNC Drilling Machine
A drilling machine is a machine that uses a drill bit to process holes in a workpiece. It employs a special tool called a drill bit to bore through holes or blind holes. When equipped with additional specialized tools, it can also perform operations such as countersinking, reaming, or tapping, making it highly suitable for securing screws, decoration, or assembly purposes.
According to the workpiece structure and production batch, drilling machines can be divided into bench drilling machines, vertical drilling machines, radial drilling machines, etc. However, it has a limitation– it struggles to make very deep or large holes without special drill bits.
4. CNC Grinding Machine
A CNC grinding machine smooths, polishes, or finishes a workpiece using a grinding wheel made of materials like ceramics or diamonds.
Diamond grinding wheels provide the best finish. However, grinding is a slow process, so this machine is mostly used for final touches rather than removing large amounts of material.
5. CNC Laser Cutting Machine
A CNC laser cutting machine is a non-contact thermal processing equipment that does not require direct contact with the workpiece. It cuts materials using a high-powered laser beam, regardless of their conductivity.
It is suitable for high-speed cutting of metals such as aluminum, stainless steel, and alloy steel. Additionally, its maximum cutting thickness is 2.75 inches.
6. CNC Plasma Cutting Machine
A CNC plasma cutter uses an electric arc to create a high-temperature plasma jet that cuts through metal.
But because it melts the material while cutting, it can leave heat-affected zones that change the surface finish. Also, it only works on conductive materials like metal.
7. CNC Waterjet Cutting Machine
This machine cuts materials using a high-pressure jet of water. It’s very versatile and can cut through almost anything, including rubber, glass, stone, and metal.
It’s slower than other cutting machines, especially when making curved cuts or detailed shapes.
8. EDM (Electric Discharge Machine)
EDM removes material using electrical sparks. It’s similar to a plasma cutter but works without touching the material so it’s great for cutting hard metals.
Also, it only works on conductive materials so you can’t use it on wood, plastics, or ceramics.
9. CNC Router Machine
A CNC router cuts shapes and patterns into flat materials. It can be quite noisy because of its various moving parts.
10. Multi-Axis CNC Machine
Unlike regular CNC machines that move in two or three directions, a multi-axis CNC machine can move in four or more directions.
It can create highly precise and complex parts but these machines are difficult to operate and require professional expertise.
11. 3D Printer
A 3D printer builds objects layer by layer using a digital file. Unlike CNC machines that remove material, 3D printing is an additive process, meaning it adds material to create a shape.
3D printing is expensive and slow so it’s less practical for large-scale production.
12. CNC Automatic Tool Changer (ATC)
This machine automatically switches cutting tools during machining. It helps speed up production and reduces downtime.
It changes tools for two main reasons: replacing worn-out tools or swapping the wrong tool for the right one.
Types of CNC Machines Based on Number of Axes
CNC machines are also categorized according to the number of axes they can move. The more axes a machine has, the more complex shapes it can create. Let’s discuss them below.
2-Axis CNC Machine
- The most basic CNC machine.
- Moves in two directions: up and down (X-axis) and side to side (Y-axis).
- Good for simple straight-line cuts, drilling holes, and working on one surface at a time.
3-Axis CNC Machine
- The most common type.
- Moves in three directions: X, Y, and Z (depth).
- Can work on all six sides of a block but needs repositioning.
4-Axis CNC Machine
- Works like a 3-axis machine but adds a rotation axis (A-axis).
- Allows the cutting tool or workpiece to rotate.
- Useful for curved cuts and round objects
5-Axis CNC Machine
- Adds another pivoting movement (C-axis) for the tool to tilt.
- Can machine 5 sides of a workpiece at once without repositioning
6-Axis CNC Machine
- Add a third rotation axis (B-axis) to the cutting tool or workpiece.
- Can create very smooth surfaces and complex shapes
7-Axis CNC Machine
- Has 3 movement axes (X, Y, Z), 3 rotation axes (A, B, C), and an extra rotation for the tool arm (E-axis).
9-Axis CNC Machine
- Combines a 5-axis milling machine and a 4-axis lathe.
- Can work on both the outside and inside of a part in one setup
12-Axis CNC Machine
- The most advanced type, with two cutting heads moving in all 6 directions (X, Y, Z, A, B, and C).
- Increases accuracy and doubles production speed.
- Used for highly precise and large-scale manufacturing.
Types of CNC Machines Based on Moving Trail
CNC machines can also be categorized by how they move, such as the following:
Point Control
In this system, the machine moves from one point to another without performing any machining in between.
It’s the most cost-effective choice if you don’t need continuous movement. This system is used for tasks like drilling, tapping, spot welding, and positioning.
Linear Control
This system not only moves from one point to another but also controls the speed and path of the movement. It ensures straight-light motion along a parallel axis. It is useful for simple milling and grinding tasks.
Contouring Control
Here, the machine moves smoothly along a programmed path while cutting at the same time. It can control multiple axes together so it’s great for machining complex curves and surfaces.
You’ll find this system in CNC grinders, milling, and turning machines
Types of CNC Machines Based on Control System
CNC machines can also be classified based on their control system. Here are the three types:
Open-Loop Control System
This system does not have a feedback mechanism to check if the movement is accurate. The CNC device sends a signal in one direction, which moves the machine using a stepper motor.
It is low cost and simple to use but less accurate and stable.
Semi-Loop Control System
This system uses a sensor on the motor shaft or ball screw to measure movement. It compares the measured movement with the intended position and adjusts accordingly.
It has good accuracy and stability at a moderate cost.
Closed-Loop Control System
This system uses sensors to measure the actual position of the machine’s moving parts and continuously adjusts to match the programmed values.
It has very high precision and stability but is more complex and difficult to control.
How to Choose the Best CNC Machine Type?
Choosing the best CNC machine for your business depends on many factors. Here are some important things you need to consider before choosing a CNC machine:
Type of Business
Your business size and needs will narrow down your options. If you run a small CNC shop, you might only need a few basic CNC routers.
But if you manage a large manufacturing company, you may need bigger, multi-function machines to handle high production.
Availability of Spare Parts
Like any machine, a CNC machine can break down over time. Before buying, make sure spare parts are easy to find and that your team can repair the machine when needed.
Quick access to parts will reduce downtime and get your production back on track faster.
Product Requirements
For simple parts, a CNC lathe or 3-axis milling machine is enough. But for more complex designs, a 5-axis CNC machine can complete parts in a single setup to save time and costs.
Some industries also require specialized CNC machines. For example, a Swiss lathe is best for producing thousands of small, detailed cylindrical parts.
Power Requirements
CNC machines use a lot of power. They often need a three-phase power supply to run efficiently. Before purchasing, check if your facility has enough power available.
Even if your current setup works fine, adding a new CNC machine could push your power usage beyond the building’s capacity.
Тип материала
If you’re cutting hard metals like titanium or stainless steel, you need a strong machine that can maintain precision. For softer materials like mild steel or plastics, a less powerful machine may be enough.
DEK - High Precision CNC Machining Services
Getting a CNC machine is a big decision because the cost can be high. If buying a machine isn’t the best option for you, consider outsourcing your CNC machining needs.
At DEK, we have a wide range of CNC machines, from the most simple machine setup to advanced multi-axis machines. Our expert engineers can handle projects of any complexity.
Contact us now and get top-quality results!
Заключение
Now that you know the different types of CNC machines, you can choose the right one for your needs. With the right CNC machine, you can improve efficiency and product quality while saving costs and time.
